聯(lián)合國生物多樣性大會(huì )（COP15）主席、生態(tài)環(huán)境部部長(cháng)黃潤秋在《中國日報》發(fā)表署名文章
日期：2022-12-03 14:52:01
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作者：tangjinlan
This year marks the 30th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The second part of the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the CBD will be held in Montreal, Canada, in December.
COP15, under the theme of "Ecological Civilization: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth", is tasked with formulating and adopting the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, which is of great significance to global biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Holding the COP15 Presidency, China is responsible for the substantive and political affairs of the conference.
Biodiversity is critical to human health and well-being. Natural ecosystems absorb and store about one-third of the greenhouse gas emissions human activities release each year, more than two-fourths of the global GDP depends on natural resources, and over 3 billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods. Biodiversity loss at an accelerated pace, which severely threatens human health and the sustainable development of economies and societies, is a critical issue that humanity must face and solve.
As an important participant, contributor and leader in the construction of a global ecological civilization, China has long been advancing global biodiversity governance with concrete actions.
With the guiding principle of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, biodiversity conservation has been elevated to a national strategy in China. By drawing up "redlines" for ecological conservation and stepping up efforts to establish and optimize a system of protected areas with national parks as the mainstay, China has effectively protected 90 percent of typical terrestrial ecosystem types and brought 74 percent of key State-protected wildlife species under effective protection. The concept of an ecological civilization enjoys popular support in China, and harmonious coexistence between man and nature has become a consensus and aspiration of the Chinese people — constantly injecting new impetus into the country's biodiversity conservation.
As one of the first countries to sign and ratify the CBD, China has over-fulfilled three of the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets — an ambitious set of global biodiversity goals that were to be attained by 2020 — and is making solid progress on achieving another 13. Generally, the performance of China in implementing the Aichi targets is better than the global average.
Since 2019, China has become the largest contributor to the core budget of the CBD and its Protocols, strongly supporting the operation and implementation of the CBD. In recent years, China has become the largest developing donor country to the Global Environment Facility and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
In October 2021, Chinese President Xi Jinping, eight other heads of state from parties to the CBD, and the secretary-general of the United Nations, attended the Leaders' Summit of the first part of the CBD COP15 held in Kunming, capital of Yunnan province, via video link and delivered keynote speeches. President Xi announced China's initiative to establish a Kunming Biodiversity Fund and take the lead by investing 1.5 billion yuan ($212.7 million) to support biodiversity protection in developing countries. Xi also announced China's first batch of five national parks, among others, in China's biodiversity commitments as the host nation. At the high-level segment, the parties to the CBD adopted the Kunming Declaration. China, with the highest level of political will and leadership, has built consensus to the largest extent, laying a solid foundation for the adoption of the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework — an ambitious, balanced and practical global agreement to halt biodiversity loss and restore nature.
China has been vigorously advancing negotiations over the post-2020 GBF, convening a total of 37 COP15 Bureau Meetings and presided over four Working Group Meetings for the post-2020 GBF in collaboration with the CBD Secretariat. Since the conclusion of Part I of COP15, China has been using all sorts of occasions — such as the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development and the G20 Joint Environment and Climate Ministers' Meeting — as opportunities to coordinate and communicate with all relevant parties on advancing a successful second part of COP15.
We must firmly seize the important opportunity of COP15 to arrest and reverse biodiversity loss and make concerted efforts to promote the success of the second part of COP15.
The majority of the 196 parties to the CBD are developing nations. We should listen to their voices, uphold the principle that all parties are equal and practice true multilateralism.
When formulating the post-2020 GBF, we should uphold the principles of fairness and transparency, take into full consideration the accessibility and feasibility of targets, as well as the development disparity of all countries, demonstrate constructiveness and flexibility in negotiations over the framework, balance the interests of all parties and compromise in moderation on key issues.
All countries should shoulder international responsibilities commensurate with their development levels. Developed countries should fulfill the obligations stipulated in the CBD and related protocols, and provide more support for developing countries with regard to funding, technology and capacity-building to make up for the gap in biodiversity governance capability among nations. We advocate more scientific, comprehensive solutions in the design of the post-2020 GBF and its future implementation, so as to offer synergized solutions for such global problems as biodiversity loss, climate change and environmental pollution.
Currently, the structure and core content of the post-2020 GBF has been identified. However, due to different social and economic development levels of parties, as well as the difference in major challenges and implementation capacity in biodiversity governance, there still exist controversies on some issues such as resource mobilization, access to and utilization of the digital sequence information of genetic resources and benefit sharing. Therefore, we call on all parties, international organizations and stakeholders to show the utmost political resolve and sincerity, take their responsibilities seriously, and make concerted efforts to adopt an ambitious, balanced and practical GBF in Montreal, so as to lead global biodiversity toward restoration and jointly build a community with a shared future for all life on Earth.
開(kāi)創(chuàng )全球生物多樣性治理新局面
共建地球生命共同體
黃潤秋
今年是聯(lián)合國《生物多樣性公約》（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)《公約》）通過(guò)30周年。中國作為《公約》締約方大會(huì )第十五次會(huì )議（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)COP15）主席國，負責領(lǐng)導大會(huì )實(shí)質(zhì)性和政治性事務(wù)，繼2021年10月第一階段會(huì )議在中國云南昆明成功舉辦后，第二階段會(huì )議將于今年12月在加拿大蒙特利爾召開(kāi)。COP15以“生態(tài)文明：共建地球生命共同體”為主題，旨在制定并通過(guò)“2020年后全球生物多樣性框架”（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“框架”），擘畫(huà)未來(lái)10年乃至更長(cháng)一個(gè)時(shí)期全球生物多樣性治理的藍圖，對全球生物多樣性保護和可持續發(fā)展具有十分重大的意義。
生物多樣性關(guān)系人類(lèi)福祉，是人類(lèi)賴(lài)以生存和發(fā)展的重要基礎，是地球生命共同體的血脈和根基。每年全球約1/3的溫室氣體排放被自然生態(tài)系統吸收，一半以上的GDP總量依賴(lài)自然資源的貢獻，超過(guò)30億人的生計依賴(lài)于海洋和沿海的生物多樣性，70%的貧困人口通過(guò)農業(yè)、漁業(yè)、林業(yè)等活動(dòng)維持生計。生物多樣性與應對氣候變化、糧食安全、全球減貧等可持續發(fā)展目標存在重要內在聯(lián)系，保護生物多樣性就是保護人類(lèi)福祉，促進(jìn)人類(lèi)可持續發(fā)展。然而，當前地球生態(tài)系統正在遭到破壞，全球生物多樣性正在加速喪失，已嚴重威脅到人類(lèi)健康和經(jīng)濟社會(huì )的可持續發(fā)展，這是人類(lèi)面臨的共同挑戰，也是我們必須正視和需要解決的難題。
一、生物多樣性保護，中國在行動(dòng)
中國高度重視生物多樣性保護，在習近平生態(tài)文明思想的指引下，牢固樹(shù)立和踐行綠水青山就是金山銀山的理念，將生物多樣性保護上升為國家戰略，推行一系列保護措施，取得顯著(zhù)成效，促進(jìn)了人與自然和諧共生。
建立健全生物多樣性保護體制機制和政策體系。2011年，成立生物多樣性保護國家委員會(huì )，統籌協(xié)調全國生物多樣性保護工作，指導“聯(lián)合國生物多樣性十年中國行動(dòng)”；發(fā)布并實(shí)施《中國生物多樣性保護戰略與行動(dòng)計劃（2011—2030年）》及22個(gè)地方生物多樣性保護戰略與行動(dòng)計劃。近10年來(lái)，頒布和修訂森林法、草原法、漁業(yè)法、野生動(dòng)物保護法、種子法、濕地法、長(cháng)江保護法、生物安全法等20多部相關(guān)法律法規。2020年發(fā)布《全國重要生態(tài)系統保護和修復重大工程總體規劃（2021—2035年）》，提出到2035年，森林覆蓋率達到26%，草原綜合植被覆蓋度、濕地保護率提高到60%，自然海岸線(xiàn)保有率不低于35%，以國家公園為主體的自然保護地占陸域國土面積18%以上，瀕危野生動(dòng)植物及其棲息地得到全面保護等目標。2021年發(fā)布《中國的生物多樣性保護》白皮書(shū)，全面總結生物多樣性治理的舉措和成效；出臺《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強生物多樣性保護的意見(jiàn)》，成為全面推進(jìn)中國生物多樣性保護工作的綱領(lǐng)性文件。
有力落實(shí)生物多樣性保護舉措。創(chuàng )新開(kāi)展生態(tài)保護紅線(xiàn)劃定工作，陸域紅線(xiàn)面積占陸域國土面積比例超過(guò)30%，覆蓋重要生態(tài)區域。積極推進(jìn)以國家公園為主體的自然保護地體系建設，設立首批5個(gè)國家公園，各類(lèi)自然保護地總數近萬(wàn)處，約占陸域國土面積18%。建立植物園、野生動(dòng)物救護繁育基地以及種質(zhì)資源庫、基因庫等較為完備的遷地保護體系，成立首個(gè)國家植物園，建立近200個(gè)植物園（樹(shù)木園）、250處野生動(dòng)物救護繁育基地。初步形成全國生物多樣性觀(guān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò )，建立749個(gè)觀(guān)測樣區，完成對全國高等植物、脊椎動(dòng)物和大型真菌瀕危狀況評估。加強天然林保護，推進(jìn)山水林田湖草沙一體化保護和系統治理，成為全球“增綠”的主力軍。對長(cháng)江等重點(diǎn)流域和水域實(shí)行禁捕政策，嚴防外來(lái)物種入侵，嚴厲打擊珍貴瀕危野生動(dòng)植物的走私等。
中國的生物多樣性保護政策及行動(dòng)有效保護了90%的陸地生態(tài)系統類(lèi)型和74%的國家重點(diǎn)保護野生動(dòng)植物種群。在中國大地上，云南野象自由“旅行”，大熊貓受威脅程度等級從“瀕?！苯禐椤耙孜！?，“微笑天使”長(cháng)江江豚頻頻亮相，三江源國家公園等地雪豹頻繁現身，“消失”30多年的云貓重現高黎貢山自然保護區，青藏高原復現藏羚羊“萬(wàn)羊齊奔”的壯麗景象。生態(tài)文明理念在中國深入人心，人與自然和諧共生成為中國人民的共識和期盼，從中央到地方、從生態(tài)環(huán)境部門(mén)到其他政府部門(mén)，從企業(yè)、民間組織到媒體和公眾，對生物多樣性的重要性都有了更深刻的認識和理解，為中國的生物多樣性保護提供源源不斷的前進(jìn)動(dòng)力。
二、推動(dòng)全球生物多樣性治理，作出中國貢獻
作為全球生態(tài)文明建設的重要參與者、貢獻者和引領(lǐng)者，中國長(cháng)期以來(lái)用實(shí)際行動(dòng)積極推動(dòng)全球生物多樣性治理進(jìn)程，為推動(dòng)實(shí)現全球生物多樣性保護目標作出中國貢獻。
作為最早簽署和批準《公約》的國家之一，中國積極履行《公約》及其議定書(shū)，“愛(ài)知目標”（2020年全球生物多樣性目標）中的設立陸地自然保護區、恢復和保障重要生態(tài)系統服務(wù)、增加生態(tài)系統的復原力和碳儲量等3項目標超額完成，生物多樣性主流化、可持續管理農林漁業(yè)、可持續生產(chǎn)和消費等13項目標取得良好進(jìn)展，總體好于全球平均水平。2019年起，中國成為《公約》及其議定書(shū)核心預算的最大捐助國，有力地支持了《公約》的運作和執行，并且多年來(lái)一直是向全球環(huán)境基金（GEF）、生物多樣性和生態(tài)系統服務(wù)政府間科學(xué)—政策平臺（IPBES）捐資最多的發(fā)展中國家。
申辦COP15是中國致力于推動(dòng)和引領(lǐng)全球生物多樣性進(jìn)程的使命所然。在COP15第一階段會(huì )議上，中國國家主席習近平和其他8位締約方國家領(lǐng)導人、聯(lián)合國秘書(shū)長(cháng)視頻出席并發(fā)表主旨講話(huà)。習近平主席宣布中國率先出資15億元成立昆明生物多樣性基金，正式設立第一批國家公園，出臺碳達峰、碳中和“1+N”政策體系等一系列東道國舉措，展示了中國的決心與行動(dòng)，對國際社會(huì )起到了示范引領(lǐng)作用。大會(huì )通過(guò)了《昆明宣言》，為推進(jìn)全球生物多樣性治理注入強大信心和政治推動(dòng)力。中國以最高級別的政治意愿和領(lǐng)導力，凝聚最廣泛共識，為推動(dòng)達成兼具雄心和務(wù)實(shí)平衡的“框架”奠定了堅實(shí)基礎。
作為COP15主席國，中國一直積極推動(dòng)“框架”磋商進(jìn)程，已組織召開(kāi)了36次COP15主席團會(huì )議，并與《公約》秘書(shū)處一道先后在日內瓦、內羅畢等地主持召開(kāi)了4次“框架”工作組會(huì )議，為推動(dòng)“框架”磋商作出重要努力。自第一階段會(huì )議結束以來(lái)，中國利用聯(lián)合國可持續發(fā)展高級別政治論壇、20國集團環(huán)境與氣候部長(cháng)聯(lián)席會(huì )議、第77屆聯(lián)合國大會(huì )高級別周、《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》第27次締約方會(huì )議生物多樣性日等場(chǎng)合和時(shí)機，組織召開(kāi)COP15重要議題交流會(huì )、高級別圓桌會(huì )等，與各國就推動(dòng)COP15第二階段會(huì )議成功召開(kāi)進(jìn)行溝通協(xié)調，有效提振了COP15政治勢頭。
三、呵護藍色地球，需要全球攜手
COP15及正在制定的“框架”將推動(dòng)生物多樣性保護在經(jīng)濟社會(huì )發(fā)展中的主流化進(jìn)程，使全人類(lèi)能夠享受生物多樣性為減少貧困、維護糧食安全、促進(jìn)可持續發(fā)展帶來(lái)的惠益。我們必須牢牢把握COP15扭轉全球生物多樣性喪失的重要契機，牢牢守住綠色可持續發(fā)展的前進(jìn)方向，共同努力推動(dòng)COP15第二階段會(huì )議取得成功。
一是堅持多邊主義。生物多樣性治理是一項全球系統工程，只有確保廣泛參與，才能取得真正實(shí)效?！豆s》196個(gè)締約方以發(fā)展中國家占多數，他們在保護生物多樣性、維護國際法等方面發(fā)揮著(zhù)重要作用，我們主張傾聽(tīng)他們的聲音，重視他們的訴求，堅持締約方不分大小、強弱、貧富一律平等，維護國際法的權威性和普遍適用性，踐行真正的多邊主義。
二是堅持務(wù)實(shí)合作。各國國情不同，在經(jīng)濟、技術(shù)、管理等方面的差異明顯。我們主張在制定“框架”時(shí)，堅持公正、透明、締約方驅動(dòng)的原則，充分吸取和借鑒“愛(ài)知目標”執行中的經(jīng)驗和教訓，充分考慮目標的可達性、可操作性以及各國的發(fā)展差異，在“框架”磋商中展現建設性和靈活性，在重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)議題上兼顧各方訴求并適當妥協(xié)，達成各方均能接受的折中方案，平衡體現《公約》3大目標。
三是堅持基于規則行事。全球生物多樣性保護面臨巨大的資金缺口，充足可靠的資金來(lái)源對實(shí)現“框架”雄心至關(guān)重要。我們主張積極承擔與發(fā)展水平相稱(chēng)的國際責任，發(fā)達國家應切實(shí)履行《公約》義務(wù)，在資金、技術(shù)、能力建設等方面為發(fā)展中國家提供更多支持，彌補國家間生物多樣性治理能力的差距。中國將深化“一帶一路”生態(tài)環(huán)境合作和“南南合作”等，積極向其他發(fā)展中國家和不發(fā)達國家提供力所能及的援助。
四是堅持協(xié)同治理。中國積極踐行協(xié)同治理并在實(shí)踐中受益。我們主張協(xié)同打造更牢固的全球生態(tài)安全屏障，加強生物多樣性保護與執行聯(lián)合國《2030年可持續發(fā)展議程》之間的協(xié)同，加強聯(lián)合國《生物多樣性公約》(UNCBD)與《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》(UNFCCC)、《聯(lián)合國防治荒漠化公約》(UNCCD)等的協(xié)同，在“框架”設計及未來(lái)實(shí)施進(jìn)程中提出更多科學(xué)的綜合解決方案，協(xié)同應對生物多樣性喪失、氣候變化和環(huán)境污染等全球性問(wèn)題。
目前，在中國的積極協(xié)調和多方共同努力下，“框架”結構和核心內容已確定。但由于196個(gè)締約方經(jīng)濟社會(huì )發(fā)展水平差異較大，生物多樣性治理面臨的主要挑戰和執行能力各異，在資源調動(dòng)、遺傳資源數字序列信息的獲取利用和惠益分享等重點(diǎn)議題上仍存在一些爭議。為此，我們真誠呼吁，各締約方與國際組織和利益攸關(guān)方密切合作，展現最大的政治決心和誠意，嚴肅對待肩負的重要責任，共同努力在COP15第二階段會(huì )議上順利通過(guò)國際社會(huì )期待已久的、兼具雄心和務(wù)實(shí)平衡的“框架”，引領(lǐng)全球生物多樣性走向恢復之路，共建地球生命共同體！
來(lái)源 | 中國日報
